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Rules checked October 25, 2026 · by Dr. Emily Turinas, PhD

How to start a private practice in Virginia

The steps are the same everywhere. Virginia's rules are what change: your board, your entity, your ads, your paperwork. Here they are for counselors, marriage and family therapists, clinical social workers, and psychologists, each linked to the official source.

Business education, not legal, tax, or clinical advice. Confirm each rule at the linked source before you rely on it.

Show rules for:
Usual entityA PLLC (professional LLC)
Yearly state filing$50 annual registration fee
Recording sessionsOne-party consent state; get written consent either way
AI note toolsNo Virginia-specific AI note law found as of October 25, 2026

By license

Starting a private practice in Virginia, by license

Find your license for its Virginia title, board, and what associates should know. The full rules for every license follow below, each linked to the official source.

Counselors · LPC

Starting a private practice in Virginia as an LPC

License: Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). Board: Virginia Board of Counseling (18VAC115-20), Department of Health Professions.

  • Title in ads: Use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately.
  • Continuing education: 20 hours every year.
  • Renewal: Renew every year on or before June 30.
Before full licensure: Resident in Counseling

Our research didn't find a Virginia board rule on this level's ads or private practice. Whether you may own a practice, bill insurance in your own name, or see private-pay clients outside your supervisor's practice: confirm with your board before you set anything up.

Rules checked October 25, 2026 · Official board site · Ad rules · Consent and records

MFTs · LMFT

Starting a private practice in Virginia as an LMFT

License: Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). Board: Virginia Board of Counseling (18VAC115-50), Department of Health Professions.

  • Title in ads: Use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately.
  • Continuing education: 20 hours every year.
  • Renewal: Renew every year on or before June 30.
Before full licensure: Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy

Our research didn't find a Virginia board rule on this level's ads or private practice. Whether you may own a practice, bill insurance in your own name, or see private-pay clients outside your supervisor's practice: confirm with your board before you set anything up.

Rules checked October 25, 2026 · Official board site · Ad rules · Consent and records

Social workers · LCSW

Starting a private practice in Virginia as an LCSW

License: Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). Board: Virginia Board of Social Work (18VAC140-20), Department of Health Professions.

  • Title in ads: Use your credential accurately, since the rule has no specific title or license number requirement.
  • Continuing education: 30 hours of continuing education for LCSWs.
  • Renewal: Renew every year on or before June 30.
Before full licensure: Supervisee in Social Work (LMSW)

Our research didn't find a Virginia board rule on this level's ads or private practice. Whether you may own a practice, bill insurance in your own name, or see private-pay clients outside your supervisor's practice: confirm with your board before you set anything up.

Rules checked October 25, 2026 · Official board site · Ad rules · Consent and records

Psychologists

Starting a private practice in Virginia as a psychologist

License: Psychologist. Board: Virginia Board of Psychology (18VAC125-20), Department of Health Professions.

  • Title in ads: Use your credential accurately, since the rule has no specific title or license number requirement.
  • Continuing education: 14 board-approved hours every year.
  • Renewal: Renew every year on or before June 30.
If you're not fully licensed yet

Our research didn't find a Virginia board rule on this level's ads or private practice. Whether you may own a practice, bill insurance in your own name, or see private-pay clients outside your supervisor's practice: confirm with your board before you set anything up.

Rules checked October 25, 2026 · Official board site · Ad rules · Consent and records

Licensing

Your licensing board in Virginia

Read your board's rules before you name your practice or write your website.

LicenseBoardContinuing educationRenewal
CounselorsVirginia Board of Counseling (18VAC115-20), Department of Health Professions20 hours every year.Renew every year on or before June 30.
Marriage and family therapistsVirginia Board of Counseling (18VAC115-50), Department of Health Professions20 hours every year.Renew every year on or before June 30.
Clinical social workersVirginia Board of Social Work (18VAC140-20), Department of Health Professions30 hours of continuing education for LCSWs.Renew every year on or before June 30.
PsychologistsVirginia Board of Psychology (18VAC125-20), Department of Health Professions14 board-approved hours every year.Renew every year on or before June 30.

Advertising

Advertising rules for therapists in Virginia

Every ad counts: your website, directory profiles, business cards, and often your bills.

Counselors

Your title

Use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately.

  • Degrees must come from an accredited school, or be credentials from a national certifying agency.
  • Describe your education, training and experience accurately to clients.

Not yet confirmed: No rule was found that says which title or license number must appear in an ad. Check with the board, and use your full license title to be safe.

18VAC115-20-130(B)

What you can't say

Advertise fairly and accurately, with nothing false, misleading or deceptive.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on testimonials, "specialist" or guarantees was found. Avoid them, or check with the board.

18VAC115-20-130(B)

Marriage and family therapists

Your title

Use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately.

  • Degrees must come from an accredited school, or be credentials from a national certifying agency.
  • Describe your education, training and experience accurately to clients.

Not yet confirmed: No rule was found that says which title or license number must appear in an ad. Check with the board, and use your full license title to be safe.

18VAC115-50-110(B)

What you can't say

Advertise fairly and accurately, with nothing false, misleading or deceptive.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on testimonials, "specialist" or guarantees was found. Avoid them, or check with the board.

18VAC115-50-110(B)

Clinical social workers

Your title

Use your credential accurately, since the rule has no specific title or license number requirement.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on required titles or license numbers was found. Use "Licensed Clinical Social Worker" or LCSW, and check with the board.

18VAC140-20-150(B)(9)

What you can't say

Keep ads neither fraudulent nor misleading.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on testimonials, "specialist" or guarantees was found. Avoid them, or check with the board.

18VAC140-20-150(B)(9)

Psychologists

Your title

Use your credential accurately, since the rule has no specific title or license number requirement.

  • Describe your competence, education, training, experience and affiliations accurately.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on required titles or license numbers was found. Use "Licensed Clinical Psychologist" and check with the board.

18VAC125-20-150

What you can't say

Keep ads neither fraudulent nor misleading.

Not yet confirmed: No rule on testimonials, "specialist" or guarantees was found. Avoid them, or check with the board.

18VAC125-20-150

Your business

Forming your practice in Virginia

Most therapists form a PLLC (professional LLC). Check what your licensing board allows.

Then get your free EIN, open a business bank account, and get your free NPI. More in do therapists need a PLLC or LLC?

WhatVirginia
Usual entityPLLC (professional LLC)
Yearly state filing$50 annual registration fee
When it's dueBy the end of your anniversary month
Where to filewww.scc.virginia.gov

Paperwork

Informed consent and records in Virginia

What your intake paperwork must cover, and how long to keep records. For the full form, see informed consent for therapy and the Good Faith Estimate guide.

Counselors

Informed consent

Explain your services to clients at the start of counseling, and again as needed.

  • Purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limits, risks, benefits and limits of confidentiality.
  • Diagnosis implications, how tests and reports are used, and your fees and billing.
  • Get informed consent before recording, third-party observation, or using client material in teaching or writing.
  • If the client sees another provider, get consent to talk with that provider first.

Not yet confirmed: The rule does not say the consent must be in writing. Written consent is still the safest practice.

18VAC115-20-130(B) and (C)

Records

Keep adult client records at least 5 years after counseling ends.

  • For a minor: 5 years after they turn 18, or 10 years after counseling ends, whichever is later.
  • Keep records secure and destroy old ones in a way that protects privacy.
  • Longer retention may be required by contract or federal law.

18VAC115-20-130(C)

Complaints

Tell clients they can report possible misconduct to the Department of Health Professions.

  • This covers unethical, fraudulent or unprofessional conduct by any licensed or certified mental health provider.

Not yet confirmed: The rule doesn't say how or where to tell clients. Adding a line to your consent form is a simple way to do it.

18VAC115-20-130(F)

Marriage and family therapists

Informed consent

Explain your services to clients at the start of counseling, and again as needed.

  • Purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limits, risks, benefits and limits of confidentiality.
  • Diagnosis implications, how tests and reports are used, and your fees and billing.
  • Get informed consent before recording, third-party observation, or using client material in teaching or writing.
  • If the client sees another provider, get consent to talk with that provider first.

Not yet confirmed: The rule does not say the consent must be in writing. Written consent is still the safest practice.

18VAC115-50-110(B) and (C)

Records

Keep adult client records at least 5 years after counseling ends.

  • For a minor: 5 years after they turn 18, or 10 years after counseling ends, whichever is later.
  • Keep records secure and destroy old ones in a way that protects privacy.
  • Longer retention may be required by contract or federal law.

18VAC115-50-110(C)

Complaints

Tell clients they can report possible misconduct to the Department of Health Professions.

  • This covers unethical, fraudulent or unprofessional conduct by any licensed or certified mental health provider.

Not yet confirmed: The rule doesn't say how or where to tell clients. Adding a line to your consent form is a simple way to do it.

18VAC115-50-110(F)

Clinical social workers

Informed consent

Make sure clients know your fees and billing before services begin.

  • Tell clients the risks, benefits and limits of confidentiality, and get their informed written consent to treatment.
  • Share records only with written consent, if the client is a danger to self or others, or as law requires.
  • Get written consent to coordinate with other providers.
  • Get informed consent before recording, third-party observation, or using client material in teaching or writing.

18VAC140-20-150(B) and (C)

Records

Keep adult client records at least 6 years after your last session.

  • For a minor: 6 years after they reach adulthood, or 10 years after your last session, whichever is later.
  • Keep records secure and destroy old ones in a way that protects privacy.
  • Longer retention may be required by contract or federal law.

18VAC140-20-150(C)

Complaints

Your board doesn't require a complaint notice about you that we could find.

  • The rule only requires telling clients about their right to report another provider's misconduct to the Department of Health Professions, when you learn of it.

Not yet confirmed: Adding the Board of Social Work or Department of Health Professions complaint information to your consent form is a good habit, but check with the board.

18VAC140-20-150(E)

Psychologists

Informed consent

Give clients accurate information about diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, with risks and benefits in terms they understand.

  • Tell clients about fees and billing promptly, and before using collection agencies or legal action.
  • Tell clients the legal limits of confidentiality.
  • Get written consent to disclose information, except as law requires or permits.
  • Get informed consent before recording, third-party observation, or using clinical information in teaching or writing.

18VAC125-20-150

Records

Keep adult client records at least 5 years after your last date of service.

  • For a minor: at least 5 years after they turn 18.
  • Records need identifying information, presenting problem or diagnosis, fee arrangement, and the date and summary of each service.
  • Include test results with raw data, consultation notes and client releases.
  • Longer retention may be required by law or contract.

Not yet confirmed: The minor rule may also have a longer alternative we could not confirm. Check the rule or ask the board.

18VAC125-20-150(D)

Complaints

Your board doesn't require a complaint notice that we could find.

Not yet confirmed: Adding the Board of Psychology or Department of Health Professions complaint information to your consent form is a good habit, but check with the board.

18VAC125-20-150

Practice

Telehealth, recording, AI notes, and reporting in Virginia

Telehealth consent

  • Say the client may ask for in-person counseling or a referral
  • For minors, add guardian consent and the minor's assent

Recording

Virginia is a one-party consent state under its general recording law (Va. Code 19.2-62). Whatever the law, get written consent before recording a session or using an AI tool that listens to one.

AI note tools

No state law or board rule specific to AI note tools confirmed as of Oct 2026. Federal HIPAA, state confidentiality law, and board ethics rules still apply.

More in AI scribe consent for therapists.

Your consent should
  • Name the AI tool and what it does (drafts notes from a recording, transcript, or the therapist's summary)
  • Say whether the session is recorded or transcribed, and how long any audio, transcript, and AI data is kept before deletion
  • Client may say no or withdraw at any time without losing care
  • the therapist reviews and signs every note

Reporting abuse

Report suspected child abuse or neglect as soon as possible, and within 24 hours.

  • Call the Virginia hotline at 1-800-552-7096, or call the local department of social services.
  • The first report can be oral. The local agency puts it in writing.
  • Good-faith reporters are protected from liability.
  • Starting July 1, 2027, reports go to the hotline only.

Va. Code 63.2-1509

The order

The order to do it in

The same steps as anywhere, with Virginia's rules above plugged in. The full walk-through, with costs and a timeline, is in how to start a private practice.

Your Virginia checklist, done for youThe free checklist fits every step to your license and Virginia: your board's rules, your entity steps with filing links, and starter intake forms filled in with Virginia's requirements.
Get your Virginia checklist →

Frequently asked questions

Do I need a PLLC to start a private practice in Virginia?

Not always, but most Virginia therapists who form an entity use a PLLC (professional LLC). Most therapists form a PLLC (professional LLC). A sole proprietorship needs no state filing, but it doesn't separate your business from your personal assets. Check what your licensing board allows before you file.

How many CE hours do therapists need in Virginia?

Counselors: 20 hours every year. Marriage and family therapists: 20 hours every year. Clinical social workers: 30 hours of continuing education for LCSWs. Psychologists: 14 board-approved hours every year.

How long do I have to keep therapy records in Virginia?

Counselors: Keep adult client records at least 5 years after counseling ends. Marriage and family therapists: Keep adult client records at least 5 years after counseling ends. Clinical social workers: Keep adult client records at least 6 years after your last session. Psychologists: Keep adult client records at least 5 years after your last date of service.

Is Virginia a one-party or all-party consent state for recording sessions?

Virginia is a one-party consent state under its general recording law (Va. Code 19.2-62). Even so, ethics rules and HIPAA mean you should get your client's written consent before recording any session or using an AI note tool that records.

Can an LPC open a private practice in Virginia?

The Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) is Virginia's full license for counselors, issued by the Virginia Board of Counseling (18VAC115-20), Department of Health Professions. The level before it is Resident in Counseling. On your website and ads: use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately. Then set up your business (in Virginia, usually a PLLC, professional LLC) and confirm with the board that nothing else applies to your setup, such as a separate private-practice approval.

Can an LCSW open a private practice in Virginia?

The Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) is Virginia's full license for clinical social workers, issued by the Virginia Board of Social Work (18VAC140-20), Department of Health Professions. The level before it is Supervisee in Social Work (LMSW). On your website and ads: use your credential accurately, since the rule has no specific title or license number requirement. Then set up your business (in Virginia, usually a PLLC, professional LLC) and confirm with the board that nothing else applies to your setup, such as a separate private-practice approval.

What title do LMFTs use on their website in Virginia?

Use only counseling-related degrees and titles you earned, and describe your training accurately. Degrees must come from an accredited school, or be credentials from a national certifying agency. Describe your education, training and experience accurately to clients. Source: 18VAC115-50-110(B).

Can associates see private-pay clients in Virginia?

Virginia's associate and pre-licensed levels include Resident in Counseling, Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy, and Supervisee in Social Work (LMSW). Our research did not confirm whether Virginia lets associates own a practice, bill in their own name, or see private-pay clients outside a supervisor's practice, so confirm with your board and your supervisor before you set one up.

Which board licenses psychologists in Virginia?

The Virginia Board of Psychology (18VAC125-20), Department of Health Professions. Continuing education: 14 board-approved hours every year. Renewal: renew every year on or before June 30. Confirm current requirements on the board's site.

Sources

Board rules checked October 25, 2026 from official board, statute, and state filing sites. If something has changed, email [email protected] and we'll update it.

Other states: Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · District of Columbia · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming